Lessons from Vibrio Pathogen and the Comparative Study of Vaccines Developed

Cholera continues to be one of the most common causes of morbidity and
mortality among children and adults in developing countries. Vaccine against
cholera is an approach in the control of this epidemic and pandemic disease.
From the development of very early oral cholera vaccine, advances in vaccine
development documented due to a good illustration of the epidemiology,
outbreak strategy, and pathophysiology of the disease causing pathogen. The
newer-generation oral cholera vaccines are safe and guarantee a high level of
protection during outbreak settings for several years. Yet infants and young
children in developing countries are hyporesponsive to vaccines and show
poor protection against cholera. In this review, we survey and analyse our
current knowledge on the etiology of cholera, its clinical manifestation, global
epidemiology and elaborate the vaccine candidates, which are effective
against the pathogen and the corresponding immune responses to the available
vaccines. These reviews comprehensively cover the salient features of recent
discoveries related to Vibrio cholerae virulence, past and present vaccine
candidates and their advantages and disadvantages with their development
strategies. We believe that the advances that have been included in this review
will give a comprehensive insight to the prevention and control of cholera
outbreaks and development of effective cholera vaccines.