A depiction of poliomyelitis in a 17th -century Piedmontese fresco?

Introduction: A potential representation of poliomyelitis is investigated in an Italian artwork. Materials and methods: A 17th century Piedmontese fresco is analyzed by combining historico-medical, palaeopathological and clinical approaches. Alternative diagnoses are considered. Results, discussion and conclusions: The man appearing in the fresco holding a crutch is characterized by an atrophic left leg reminiscent of poliomyelitic atrophic. Other congenital anomalies or cerebrovascular causes appear less likely. A reflection on the difficulty of retrospectively diagnosis poliomyelitis is offered.