The objective of the Cardiovascular Diseases module is to provide students with the knowledge necessary to understand the main cardiovascular diseases, evaluate cardiological instrumental examinations, and recognize the main cardiovascular signs and symptoms. This will enable them to identify potential risks associated with dental procedures and manage possible emergencies.
Course Prerequisites
Foundations of general biology are required, with particular reference to muscle physiology and muscle contraction. Additionally, foundations of the physiology of action potentials and the functioning of cell excitability are required.
Teaching Methods
Lectures: Lecture slides are available to students. Additionally, handouts on specific topics are provided.
Assessment Methods
Oral examination
Texts
1. **Fisiopatologia del cuore** by Leonard S. Lilly, edited by Piergiuseppe Agostoni Piccin-Nuova Libraria ISBN-13: 978-8829929801
2. **Manuale di cardiologia** by Sabino Iliceto and Renato Razzolini Piccin-Nuova Libraria ISBN: 978-88-299-2974-0
3. Handouts on specific topics are available and prepared by the professor.
Contents
The course consists of eight lectures covering the main cardiovascular diseases, from pathophysiology to clinical manifestations. Elements of electrocardiography, management of cardiac emergencies, and principles of cardiovascular emergency management will also be provided. Specific attention will be given to discussing aspects related to dental procedures.
The specific topics covered and subject to the final examination are:
> **Physical examination of the patient**
> **Basics of electrocardiography:** Basic principles of interpreting a normal ECG, intervals, evaluation of the repolarization phase, and recognition of major electrocardiographic abnormalities (ischemia, infarction, tachyarrhythmias, bradyarrhythmias, congenital repolarization abnormalities)
> **Cardiomyopathies:** Clinical characteristics and presentation of the main cardiomyopathies: hypertrophic CM, dilated CM, arrhythmogenic CM, arrhythmogenic diseases (long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, CPVT)
> **Sudden cardiac death:** Epidemiology, causes, and patient assessment strategies
> **Arrhythmias:** Diagnostic criteria and brief treatment notes for the main arrhythmias
> **Cardiovascular emergencies:** Principles of managing major cardiovascular emergencies, with particular attention to out-of-hospital management (dental office). Hypertensive emergencies (diagnostic evaluation and brief treatment notes), acute coronary syndromes (diagnostic evaluation and brief treatment notes); management and precautions to be taken during dental procedures in patients with cardiovascular risk (management of anticoagulant therapy, precautions in patients with arrhythmic risks when taking drugs such as antibiotics, anesthetics; specific contraindications for patients with long QT syndrome and Brugada syndrome)
> **Inflammatory diseases:** Myocarditis and pericarditis. Pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and brief treatment notes
> **Valvular diseases:** Pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and brief treatment notes of major valvular diseases