ID:
504073
Duration (hours):
38
CFU:
3
SSD:
ANATOMIA UMANA
Year:
2025
Overview
Date/time interval
Secondo Semestre (02/03/2026 - 19/06/2026)
Syllabus
Course Objectives
The module focuses on functional anatomy
and biomechanics of the main joints in the human body. Starting from bones and joints classification, for each district bones and complementary joint structures morphology is considered, emphasizing those aspects that determine, condition or limit the different kinds of movement. Muscle groups are considered in relation to articular sites, motion determination and modulation, underlining their synergy and antagonism, and joint stabilization functions.
The most frequent and relevant pathological aspects are also mentioned considering the orthopedic technical profession.
and biomechanics of the main joints in the human body. Starting from bones and joints classification, for each district bones and complementary joint structures morphology is considered, emphasizing those aspects that determine, condition or limit the different kinds of movement. Muscle groups are considered in relation to articular sites, motion determination and modulation, underlining their synergy and antagonism, and joint stabilization functions.
The most frequent and relevant pathological aspects are also mentioned considering the orthopedic technical profession.
Course Prerequisites
Basic Human Anatomy
Teaching Methods
Frontal lectures
Peer education
Exercises on anatomical models with the help of dynamic 3D visual resource
Peer education
Exercises on anatomical models with the help of dynamic 3D visual resource
Assessment Methods
Oral examination
Texts
A.I.Kapandji - Anatomia Funzionale - Maloine - Monduzzi Editoriale
Contents
Main topics:
AXIAL SKELETON:
Cranial joints: different types of sutures, temporomandibular joint, atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints; movements range compensation among sub-occipital and lower cervical spine tract for head and neck movements. Muscle groups and their actions.
Spine, spinal curves and their functional role; Main differences between different spine tracts vertebrae; Spine ligaments and muscles; Intervertebral joints; The role of upper and lower articular process morphology and position in different spine tracts for the definition of movements types and amplitude; Role, size and position of the intervertebral disc in the different spine tracts and relative mobility durin individual life; Amplitudes and measurement methods of the different types of whole spine and specific spine regions movements; thoracic-lumbar and lumbar-sacral hinges; Role of chest and abdominal muscle in managing axial loads.
Thorax bones, sternocostal and costovertebral joints, thoracic diameters, respiratory movements, role of diaphragm and other main and accessories respiratory muscles: synergy and antagonism.
SHOULDER GIRDLE AND UPPER LIMB
The shoulder joint complex: gleno-humeral, sub-deltoid, scapulo-thoracic, acromio-clavicular and sterno-costal-clavicular joints; Joint structure, muscles and other factors defining and limiting the different types of movement; Joint stabilization; Muscle slings; Bi-articular muscles and their effects on cordinated joints motility; Movement amplitude and reversal of muscle actions.
The elbow: humeral-ulnar, humeral-radial, and radio-ulnar joints in flexion-extension and pronation-supination movements.
The wrist joint: radial-carpal and mid-carpal joints; Movements and joint stabilization; Dynamical columns of the carp; Muscle motions and muscle actions.
The hand: hand topography; carpal, metacarpal and digital joints; Hand movements; Synergy and antagonism of hand muscles; Thumb opposition-reposition movement, grip kinds and manual actions.
PELVIC GIRDLE AND LOWER LIMB
The pelvis: anatomical and biomechanical aspects of sexual dimorphism; Pubic symphysis, lumbosacral, sacro-coccygeal and sacro-iliac joints; Muscles, ligaments and other factors defining and limiting pelvic movements; Nutation and counteracting movements; Organization of the bone tissue in relation to weight transfer in orthostatism and in the sitting position; Frontaal and transverse pelvis stabilization mechanisms.
The coxo-femoral joint: biomechanical features, movements kinds and amplitudes; muscles and other factors defining and limiting the different types of movement; Joint stabilization; Functional role of neck-body angles and femoral twist, mechanical axis of the limb and femoral force axis; flection-extension movement amplitude and muscle actions inversion.
The knee: Joint structure, lower limb mechanical axis and physiological valgus knee; Anatomical factors determining flexion –extension movement amplitude and flexion combined axial rotation; Morphology of femoral and tibial condyles and functional consequences; Role of cruciate and collateral ligaments and menisci; rolling-sliding movement of condyles and walking; Rotula movements and rotula role in quadriceps femoralis action transfer; Active and passive mechanisms of transverse and anterior-posterior stabilization of the knee; locking and unlocking position; role of bi-articular muscles in conditioning of hip and knee movements amplitude; Architecture and role of triceps surae in knee and ankle movements and stability.
The foot: articular joint complex, motion axes and joints;
Structure and movements of the ankle, flexion-extension and Henke axes; Mechanisms of anterior-posterior and transverse stabilization and limiting factors of the flexion-extension movement; Effects of knee and proximal-distal tibial-fibular joints biomechanics on foot orientation in walking; The role of subtalar, mediotarsic, tarso-metatarsic, navicular-cuboid and navicular-cuneiforms joints in foot orientation and plantar arches architecture; Limits to inversion and eversion movements; Motility of metatarsal and digital regions; tendons and retinacula; Role of intrinsic and extrinsic muscles on foot and ankle movements: synergy and antagonism; Plantar arches and footprint; Astragalus function in weight distribution to the soil; Static and dynamic deformations of the plantar arches related to load and walking; Active and passive mechanisms that maintain plantar arches and their pathological alterations; Hints at the step cycle.
AXIAL SKELETON:
Cranial joints: different types of sutures, temporomandibular joint, atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints; movements range compensation among sub-occipital and lower cervical spine tract for head and neck movements. Muscle groups and their actions.
Spine, spinal curves and their functional role; Main differences between different spine tracts vertebrae; Spine ligaments and muscles; Intervertebral joints; The role of upper and lower articular process morphology and position in different spine tracts for the definition of movements types and amplitude; Role, size and position of the intervertebral disc in the different spine tracts and relative mobility durin individual life; Amplitudes and measurement methods of the different types of whole spine and specific spine regions movements; thoracic-lumbar and lumbar-sacral hinges; Role of chest and abdominal muscle in managing axial loads.
Thorax bones, sternocostal and costovertebral joints, thoracic diameters, respiratory movements, role of diaphragm and other main and accessories respiratory muscles: synergy and antagonism.
SHOULDER GIRDLE AND UPPER LIMB
The shoulder joint complex: gleno-humeral, sub-deltoid, scapulo-thoracic, acromio-clavicular and sterno-costal-clavicular joints; Joint structure, muscles and other factors defining and limiting the different types of movement; Joint stabilization; Muscle slings; Bi-articular muscles and their effects on cordinated joints motility; Movement amplitude and reversal of muscle actions.
The elbow: humeral-ulnar, humeral-radial, and radio-ulnar joints in flexion-extension and pronation-supination movements.
The wrist joint: radial-carpal and mid-carpal joints; Movements and joint stabilization; Dynamical columns of the carp; Muscle motions and muscle actions.
The hand: hand topography; carpal, metacarpal and digital joints; Hand movements; Synergy and antagonism of hand muscles; Thumb opposition-reposition movement, grip kinds and manual actions.
PELVIC GIRDLE AND LOWER LIMB
The pelvis: anatomical and biomechanical aspects of sexual dimorphism; Pubic symphysis, lumbosacral, sacro-coccygeal and sacro-iliac joints; Muscles, ligaments and other factors defining and limiting pelvic movements; Nutation and counteracting movements; Organization of the bone tissue in relation to weight transfer in orthostatism and in the sitting position; Frontaal and transverse pelvis stabilization mechanisms.
The coxo-femoral joint: biomechanical features, movements kinds and amplitudes; muscles and other factors defining and limiting the different types of movement; Joint stabilization; Functional role of neck-body angles and femoral twist, mechanical axis of the limb and femoral force axis; flection-extension movement amplitude and muscle actions inversion.
The knee: Joint structure, lower limb mechanical axis and physiological valgus knee; Anatomical factors determining flexion –extension movement amplitude and flexion combined axial rotation; Morphology of femoral and tibial condyles and functional consequences; Role of cruciate and collateral ligaments and menisci; rolling-sliding movement of condyles and walking; Rotula movements and rotula role in quadriceps femoralis action transfer; Active and passive mechanisms of transverse and anterior-posterior stabilization of the knee; locking and unlocking position; role of bi-articular muscles in conditioning of hip and knee movements amplitude; Architecture and role of triceps surae in knee and ankle movements and stability.
The foot: articular joint complex, motion axes and joints;
Structure and movements of the ankle, flexion-extension and Henke axes; Mechanisms of anterior-posterior and transverse stabilization and limiting factors of the flexion-extension movement; Effects of knee and proximal-distal tibial-fibular joints biomechanics on foot orientation in walking; The role of subtalar, mediotarsic, tarso-metatarsic, navicular-cuboid and navicular-cuneiforms joints in foot orientation and plantar arches architecture; Limits to inversion and eversion movements; Motility of metatarsal and digital regions; tendons and retinacula; Role of intrinsic and extrinsic muscles on foot and ankle movements: synergy and antagonism; Plantar arches and footprint; Astragalus function in weight distribution to the soil; Static and dynamic deformations of the plantar arches related to load and walking; Active and passive mechanisms that maintain plantar arches and their pathological alterations; Hints at the step cycle.
Course Language
Italian
Degrees
Degrees
Orthopaedics techniques
Bachelor’s Degree
3 years
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