Organizations and Orgonizations. The Holonic View of Organizations

Two systemic approaches are particularly interesting for undersanding the formation of ever vaster production organizations, composed of business groups and connected through self-adapting and self-improving networks. The first considers organizations as complex adaptive systems that spontaneously and inevitably generate production networks, understood as complex adaptive systems. The second views production organizations as holons that form spontaneously and, by means of their multi-level holarchies, generate production networks, within which progress appears as the inevitable consequence of the holarchic arrangement of the “Productive Kosmos”. This study considers the second approach, proposing a holonic view of production organizations according to which organizations are holons or org-ons. An organization or a network of production organizations thus becomes either an orgonization or an orgonic network; both arrangements obey the strict laws that characterize holarchies.