Conventional and innovative photovoltaic, solar thermal, and hybrid systems

This study provides a comprehensive examination of the evolution of photovoltaic (PV) systems, solar thermal (ST), and hybrid photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) systems, tracing their historical technologies and highlighting cutting-edge developments. The attention is focused on technologies that can be integrated into architectural heritage and protected landscape, balancing heritage protection and energy generation. First, the evolution of PV systems is detailed, covering the progression from the first to fourth generation of PV cells. Physical–chemical characteristics, production process, benefits, and drawbacks are discussed for each system. Furthermore, a section is dedicated to colored photovoltaic panels, exposing the various technologies enabling the production of colored systems. Then, the evolution of concentrated and non-concentrated ST collectors is described, providing engineering characteristics, energy performances, and possible applications. Finally, hybrid PVT systems are analyzed, describing potentials and obstacles for their applications.