ID:
512108
Durata (ore):
18
CFU:
3
SSD:
CHIMICA GENERALE E INORGANICA
Anno:
2026
Dati Generali
Periodo di attività
Secondo Semestre (22/02/2027 - 25/05/2027)
Syllabus
Obiettivi Formativi
The course aims to equip students with the knowledge and skills necessary to:
• Understand Historical Materials and Degradation: Gain deep knowledge of the chemical composition of materials used in historical artifacts and analyze
their degradation processes over time.
• Diagnostic Techniques: Apply both invasive (micro-destructive) and non-invasive characterization techniques for the chemical and physical analysis of
artifacts materials.
• Apply Modern Restoration Solutions: Explore and evaluate innovative materials, advanced formulations, and modern methods used for the conservation
and restoration of artifacts.
• Understand Historical Materials and Degradation: Gain deep knowledge of the chemical composition of materials used in historical artifacts and analyze
their degradation processes over time.
• Diagnostic Techniques: Apply both invasive (micro-destructive) and non-invasive characterization techniques for the chemical and physical analysis of
artifacts materials.
• Apply Modern Restoration Solutions: Explore and evaluate innovative materials, advanced formulations, and modern methods used for the conservation
and restoration of artifacts.
Prerequisiti
A good knowledge of organic and inorganic chemistry is required, along with an understanding of the basic principles of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques.
Metodi didattici
Teaching methods aimed at acquiring transversal skills include classroom lectures and guided visits to the Arvedi laboratories of the University of Pavia (Pavia and Cremona sites), which are dedicated to diagnostics and restoration chemistry.
Verifica Apprendimento
Oral examination (approximately 40 minutes). Through a series of questions, the examination committee will verify and evaluate the candidate's mastery and depth of knowledge regarding the course topics, their ability to correctly identify appropriate investigation strategies, and their command of technical language.
Testi
1. J. Ragai. The Scientist and the Forger. Imperial College Press, 2015 (ISBN: 978-1-78326-740-8)
2. M. Matteini, A. Moles. La chimica nel restauro. I materiali dell'arte pittorica. Nardini Editore, 2001 (ISBN: 88-404-4007-8)
3. R. B. Heimann, M. Maggetti. Ancient and Historical Ceramics. Schweizerbart Sche Vigsb, 2014
4. K. H. A. Janssens (ed). Modern methods for analysing archaeological and historical glass. Wiley, 2013
5. M.L.Weththimuni, M.Licchelli, M.Malagodi, N. Rovella, M.F.La Russa, Measure., 127, 2018
6. Chobba M. B., Weththimuni M. L., Messaoud M., Urzi C., Bouaziz J., De Leo F., Licchelli M. Prog. Org. Coat. 158, 2021
7. Chobba M. B., Weththimuni M. L., Messaoud M., Sacchi D., Bouaziz J., De Leo F., Urzi C., Licchelli M. Sustainability 13, 2021
8. Ricca M., Le Pera E., Licchelli M., Macchia A., Malagodi M., Randazzo L., Rovella N., Ruffolo S. A., Weththimuni M. L., La Russa M. F. Coatings, 9, 2019
9. Lee C., Fiocco G., Vigani B., Recca T., Rossi S., Licchelli M., Malagodi M., Weththimuni M. L., Volpi F. J Cult. Herit. 68, 2024
10. M. L. Weththimuni, G. Fiocco, A.Girella, B.Vigani, D.Sacchi, S.Rossi, M. Licchelli, Coatings 14, 2024
2. M. Matteini, A. Moles. La chimica nel restauro. I materiali dell'arte pittorica. Nardini Editore, 2001 (ISBN: 88-404-4007-8)
3. R. B. Heimann, M. Maggetti. Ancient and Historical Ceramics. Schweizerbart Sche Vigsb, 2014
4. K. H. A. Janssens (ed). Modern methods for analysing archaeological and historical glass. Wiley, 2013
5. M.L.Weththimuni, M.Licchelli, M.Malagodi, N. Rovella, M.F.La Russa, Measure., 127, 2018
6. Chobba M. B., Weththimuni M. L., Messaoud M., Urzi C., Bouaziz J., De Leo F., Licchelli M. Prog. Org. Coat. 158, 2021
7. Chobba M. B., Weththimuni M. L., Messaoud M., Sacchi D., Bouaziz J., De Leo F., Urzi C., Licchelli M. Sustainability 13, 2021
8. Ricca M., Le Pera E., Licchelli M., Macchia A., Malagodi M., Randazzo L., Rovella N., Ruffolo S. A., Weththimuni M. L., La Russa M. F. Coatings, 9, 2019
9. Lee C., Fiocco G., Vigani B., Recca T., Rossi S., Licchelli M., Malagodi M., Weththimuni M. L., Volpi F. J Cult. Herit. 68, 2024
10. M. L. Weththimuni, G. Fiocco, A.Girella, B.Vigani, D.Sacchi, S.Rossi, M. Licchelli, Coatings 14, 2024
Contenuti
1. Materials in artifacts
Inorganic Materials: Chemistry, properties, and applications of inorganic pigments, mortars, stone, ceramics, metals, and glass.
Organic Materials: Chemical structure and behavior of organic binders (proteins, oils, resins, waxes), organic pigments, dyes, and protective coatings
and consolidating agents (varnishes, synthetic and natural polymers).
2. Material Degradation Mechanisms
Oxidative Processes: Photo-oxidation, thermal degradation, and environmental aging of organic substrates and binding media.
Radical Mechanisms: Free-radical degradation pathways affecting unsaturated molecules (e.g., lipid cross-linking and yellowing of drying oils).
Acidification Processes: Acid-base degradation, atmospheric pollution impacts, sulfation of stone/mortars, and hydrolysis of historical cellulose/paper
and textiles.
Salt Crystallization & Weathering Mechanisms: Mechanisms of salt transport, phase transitions, and crystallization pressure within porous materials
(e.g., stone, brick, mortar, and wall paintings).
3. Diagnostic and Analytical Techniques for Material Characterization
Optical and Imaging Techniques:
Digital, stereo and optical microscopy in visible (Vis) and ultraviolet (UV) fluorescence light for stratigraphic and cross-sectional analysis.
IR reflectrography: It is an optical imaging method that uses the infrared radiation
Spectroscopic Methods:
FTIR and micro FTIR Spectroscopy (ATR mode): Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectrometry operating in transmission, reflection and attenuated total
reflection modes.
Raman Spectroscopy: Micro-Raman and surface-enhanced Raman scattering for molecular identification of pigments and minerals.
Electron Microscopic and Elemental Microanalysis:
SEM-EDS: Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy for micro-morphological examination and elemental
microanalysis.
XRF: X-ray fluorescence which is an analytical techniques that determine elements and not compounds.
4. Advanced Materials and Innovative Methods for Conservation and Restoration
Nanomaterials and Inorganic Colloids:
Application of alkaline earth metal hydroxide nanoparticles-such as nanolime 〖"Ca(OH)" 〗_2, Sr(OH)2 and 〖"Mg(OH)" 〗_2-for the deacidification of
cellulose/wood paper and structural consolidation of porous stone, frescoes, and wall paintings.
Silica-based nanoparticles and nano-titania (〖"TiO" 〗_2), doped nanoparticles (Ag and Gd doped -TiO2) with binders for hydrophobic, self-cleaning, and
biocide-protective coatings on monumental surfaces.
Functionalized Nanomaterials & Nanocomposites:
Surface-modified nanoparticles and smart nanostructured hybrid matrix/filler materials tailored for targeted chemical interactions.
Polymeric nanocomposites with controlled porosity, improved mechanical strength, and enhanced UV/environmental resistance for consolidation.
Polymers in Conservation:
Synthetic Polymers: Properties, thermal behavior, solubility, aging, and reversibility of acrylic resins (e.g., Paraloid B-72), vinyl, epoxy, and silicone
polymers.
Natural Polymers: Biopolymers, polysaccharides, and proteinaceous binders (e.g., cellulose derivatives, chitosan, starch, collagen) for eco-compatible
and sustainable restoration practices.
Advanced Gels & Hydrogel Systems:
Physical and chemical hydrogels based on polysaccharides (e.g., rigid, semi-rigid, and micro-structured hydrogels) designed for controlled water release
and targeted surface cleaning.
Nanostructured organogels and micellar solutions for localized removal of degraded varnishes, grime, and adhesives without damaging sensitive
underlying substrates.
Inorganic Materials: Chemistry, properties, and applications of inorganic pigments, mortars, stone, ceramics, metals, and glass.
Organic Materials: Chemical structure and behavior of organic binders (proteins, oils, resins, waxes), organic pigments, dyes, and protective coatings
and consolidating agents (varnishes, synthetic and natural polymers).
2. Material Degradation Mechanisms
Oxidative Processes: Photo-oxidation, thermal degradation, and environmental aging of organic substrates and binding media.
Radical Mechanisms: Free-radical degradation pathways affecting unsaturated molecules (e.g., lipid cross-linking and yellowing of drying oils).
Acidification Processes: Acid-base degradation, atmospheric pollution impacts, sulfation of stone/mortars, and hydrolysis of historical cellulose/paper
and textiles.
Salt Crystallization & Weathering Mechanisms: Mechanisms of salt transport, phase transitions, and crystallization pressure within porous materials
(e.g., stone, brick, mortar, and wall paintings).
3. Diagnostic and Analytical Techniques for Material Characterization
Optical and Imaging Techniques:
Digital, stereo and optical microscopy in visible (Vis) and ultraviolet (UV) fluorescence light for stratigraphic and cross-sectional analysis.
IR reflectrography: It is an optical imaging method that uses the infrared radiation
Spectroscopic Methods:
FTIR and micro FTIR Spectroscopy (ATR mode): Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectrometry operating in transmission, reflection and attenuated total
reflection modes.
Raman Spectroscopy: Micro-Raman and surface-enhanced Raman scattering for molecular identification of pigments and minerals.
Electron Microscopic and Elemental Microanalysis:
SEM-EDS: Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy for micro-morphological examination and elemental
microanalysis.
XRF: X-ray fluorescence which is an analytical techniques that determine elements and not compounds.
4. Advanced Materials and Innovative Methods for Conservation and Restoration
Nanomaterials and Inorganic Colloids:
Application of alkaline earth metal hydroxide nanoparticles-such as nanolime 〖"Ca(OH)" 〗_2, Sr(OH)2 and 〖"Mg(OH)" 〗_2-for the deacidification of
cellulose/wood paper and structural consolidation of porous stone, frescoes, and wall paintings.
Silica-based nanoparticles and nano-titania (〖"TiO" 〗_2), doped nanoparticles (Ag and Gd doped -TiO2) with binders for hydrophobic, self-cleaning, and
biocide-protective coatings on monumental surfaces.
Functionalized Nanomaterials & Nanocomposites:
Surface-modified nanoparticles and smart nanostructured hybrid matrix/filler materials tailored for targeted chemical interactions.
Polymeric nanocomposites with controlled porosity, improved mechanical strength, and enhanced UV/environmental resistance for consolidation.
Polymers in Conservation:
Synthetic Polymers: Properties, thermal behavior, solubility, aging, and reversibility of acrylic resins (e.g., Paraloid B-72), vinyl, epoxy, and silicone
polymers.
Natural Polymers: Biopolymers, polysaccharides, and proteinaceous binders (e.g., cellulose derivatives, chitosan, starch, collagen) for eco-compatible
and sustainable restoration practices.
Advanced Gels & Hydrogel Systems:
Physical and chemical hydrogels based on polysaccharides (e.g., rigid, semi-rigid, and micro-structured hydrogels) designed for controlled water release
and targeted surface cleaning.
Nanostructured organogels and micellar solutions for localized removal of degraded varnishes, grime, and adhesives without damaging sensitive
underlying substrates.
Lingua Insegnamento
INGLESE
Altre informazioni
Given the highly interdisciplinary nature of the topics covered during the course, students are strongly encouraged to regularly attend lectures and participate in laboratory activities.
Corsi
Corsi
THE ANCIENT MEDITERRANEAN WORLD. HISTORY, ARCHAEOLOGY AND ART
Laurea Magistrale
2 anni
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