ID:
510037
Duration (hours):
59
CFU:
6
SSD:
TOPOGRAFIA E CARTOGRAFIA
Year:
2025
Overview
Date/time interval
Primo Semestre (29/09/2025 - 16/01/2026)
Syllabus
Course Objectives
This course should be seen as the theoretical part of a Course on Ground and Aerial Land Surveying; the course is completed by the "Digital Survey and Drone Laboratory".
At the end of the course a student must know
• basic notions of Geodesy and Mathematical Cartography;
• the main coordinate transformations in the plane and in space;
• elements of probability and statistics, inference and least squares calculations;
• the main techniques of Topography in the topographic field;
• elements on GNSS survey;
• the language of Cartography;
• Elements of Photogrammetry
At the end of the course a student must know how to
• elaborate a topographic survey whose data are provided by the teacher;
• convert local coordinates, obtained from a topographic survey, to global, by applying an estimated coordinate transformation to the MQ from double points
• consult a cartography sheet in an appropriate and conscious way; appropriately choose the type of cartography to be examined according to the information needed;
• process precision measurements with basic and intermediate techniques;
• use the MicroSurvey STARNET and MicroSurvey CAD SW (commercial SW of which the teacher distributes an educational license to each student) for the calculation and compensation of topographic and GNSS measurements and for the execution of coordinate transformations.
At the end of the course a student must know
• basic notions of Geodesy and Mathematical Cartography;
• the main coordinate transformations in the plane and in space;
• elements of probability and statistics, inference and least squares calculations;
• the main techniques of Topography in the topographic field;
• elements on GNSS survey;
• the language of Cartography;
• Elements of Photogrammetry
At the end of the course a student must know how to
• elaborate a topographic survey whose data are provided by the teacher;
• convert local coordinates, obtained from a topographic survey, to global, by applying an estimated coordinate transformation to the MQ from double points
• consult a cartography sheet in an appropriate and conscious way; appropriately choose the type of cartography to be examined according to the information needed;
• process precision measurements with basic and intermediate techniques;
• use the MicroSurvey STARNET and MicroSurvey CAD SW (commercial SW of which the teacher distributes an educational license to each student) for the calculation and compensation of topographic and GNSS measurements and for the execution of coordinate transformations.
Course Prerequisites
Trigonometry. Calculus: norm of a vector, derivatives of functions with one variable, series expansion,. Linear algebra: vectors, matrices, product between matrices and between matrices and vectors, transport matrix, inverse matrix, orthogonal matrices.
Teaching Methods
Lectures, teacher-led exercises.
Assessment Methods
There are two compulsory tests and one optional test.
• Compulsory written test, evaluated up to 24 points
• compulsory project activity, related to the elaboration of a topographic survey whose data are distributed by the teacher, with the SW mentioned above, evaluated up to 3 points, 5 in exceptional cases
• Optional oral exam, evaluated up to 3 points, 5 in exceptional cases.
Those who have had at least 18 in the written test and have carried out the design activity, can record the sum of the two grades.
In the oral exam, as a rule, the marks earned in the compulsory tests are maintained. Unless the oral exam evidently contradicts them.
• Compulsory written test, evaluated up to 24 points
• compulsory project activity, related to the elaboration of a topographic survey whose data are distributed by the teacher, with the SW mentioned above, evaluated up to 3 points, 5 in exceptional cases
• Optional oral exam, evaluated up to 3 points, 5 in exceptional cases.
Those who have had at least 18 in the written test and have carried out the design activity, can record the sum of the two grades.
In the oral exam, as a rule, the marks earned in the compulsory tests are maintained. Unless the oral exam evidently contradicts them.
Texts
Lecture notes, available on KIRO.
Karl Kraus, Photogrammetry. Volume 1 - Theory and Applications, Publisher: Libreria Universitaria Levrotto & Bella, Edition Year: 1994, ISBN: 888218028X
Karl Kraus, Photogrammetry. Volume 2 - Advanced Methods and Applications, Editore: Ummler - Bonn - Germany, Anno edizione: 1997, ISBN:
3-427-78694-3
Toni Schenk, Digital Photogrammetry - Volume I, Publisher: TerraScience, Edition Year: 1999, ISBN: 0-9677653-1-5
Karl Kraus, Photogrammetry. Volume 1 - Theory and Applications, Publisher: Libreria Universitaria Levrotto & Bella, Edition Year: 1994, ISBN: 888218028X
Karl Kraus, Photogrammetry. Volume 2 - Advanced Methods and Applications, Editore: Ummler - Bonn - Germany, Anno edizione: 1997, ISBN:
3-427-78694-3
Toni Schenk, Digital Photogrammetry - Volume I, Publisher: TerraScience, Edition Year: 1999, ISBN: 0-9677653-1-5
Contents
Probability and Statistics
Random and systematic errors. Definitions of probability. Single- and multi-dimensional, discrete and continuous random variables; mean, variance, covariance, correlation, variance-covariance matrix. Gauss's random variable. Inference: Estimation of mean, standard deviation, and linear correlation coefficient. The principle of least squares and its applications to simple topography problems, such as compensating for a leveling and estimating a coordinate transformation in the plane.
Geodesy and Mathematical Cartography
The reference surfaces: the Geoid and the Ellipsoid. The different types of coordinates: ellipsocentric Cartesian (ECEF), geographical, and cartographic. The different reference systems: Roma40, ED50, WGS-84. The problem of cartographic projection. Characteristics of the Gauss projection, in particular the deformation of distances. The UTM and Gauss-Boaga cartographic systems: number of time zones, their designation, their width.
Coordinate Transformations
Elementary transformations in the plane: translation, change of scale, rotation; Compound transformations in the plane: rototranslation, rototranslation with isotropic and anisotropic scale change, affine. Right-handed and left-handed reference systems, conventional aspects in coordinate transformations. Generalization to the three-dimensional case: translation, elementary rotations and general rotation in space. Helmert's transformation.
Classical topography
Units of measurement of angles and their conversions. Instruments for measuring angles, distances and differences in height: theodolite, distance meter, topographic total station, level. Main topographic techniques in the plane: radial survey, forward intersection, polygonal; trigonometric and geometric leveling. Accuracy of topographic measurements. Use planar coordinate transformations to frame topographic surveys.
Introduction to GNSS systems
The constellation, the signal structure, the principle of GPS measurement. Various GPS measurement methodologies: navigational solution, relative positioning in post-processed mode, RTK and NRTK positioning.
Cartography
Characteristics of traditional cartography. Technical and thematic cartography. Who produces cartography in Italy, The scales used, the parts that make up a table, how to read a map. The quality of a technical cartography: metric aspects (graphic error) and detail of the information content. How cartography describes the third dimension: elevation points and contour lines.
Photogrammetry
• the geometrical principles of photogrammetric capture and restitution; the concepts of frame, swipe and block; the configuration of a block: covers, flight height, focal length; application of these concepts to the planning of a block acquired with UAVs
• introduction to collinearity equations; the calculation of the external orientation for a stereoscopic pair and for a block of frames; photogrammetric measurement and restitution phase;
• What can be produced with Photogrammetry: single measurements, vector maps, digital terrain models, orthophotos, point clouds.
Use of specialized SW
Students are taught the use of the MicroSurvey STARNET SW and - for some functions - of MicroSurvey CAD; these are SW for the calculation and compensation of topographic and GNSS measurements and for the execution of coordinate transformations. The programs mentioned are commercial but the teacher distributes an educational license to each student
Random and systematic errors. Definitions of probability. Single- and multi-dimensional, discrete and continuous random variables; mean, variance, covariance, correlation, variance-covariance matrix. Gauss's random variable. Inference: Estimation of mean, standard deviation, and linear correlation coefficient. The principle of least squares and its applications to simple topography problems, such as compensating for a leveling and estimating a coordinate transformation in the plane.
Geodesy and Mathematical Cartography
The reference surfaces: the Geoid and the Ellipsoid. The different types of coordinates: ellipsocentric Cartesian (ECEF), geographical, and cartographic. The different reference systems: Roma40, ED50, WGS-84. The problem of cartographic projection. Characteristics of the Gauss projection, in particular the deformation of distances. The UTM and Gauss-Boaga cartographic systems: number of time zones, their designation, their width.
Coordinate Transformations
Elementary transformations in the plane: translation, change of scale, rotation; Compound transformations in the plane: rototranslation, rototranslation with isotropic and anisotropic scale change, affine. Right-handed and left-handed reference systems, conventional aspects in coordinate transformations. Generalization to the three-dimensional case: translation, elementary rotations and general rotation in space. Helmert's transformation.
Classical topography
Units of measurement of angles and their conversions. Instruments for measuring angles, distances and differences in height: theodolite, distance meter, topographic total station, level. Main topographic techniques in the plane: radial survey, forward intersection, polygonal; trigonometric and geometric leveling. Accuracy of topographic measurements. Use planar coordinate transformations to frame topographic surveys.
Introduction to GNSS systems
The constellation, the signal structure, the principle of GPS measurement. Various GPS measurement methodologies: navigational solution, relative positioning in post-processed mode, RTK and NRTK positioning.
Cartography
Characteristics of traditional cartography. Technical and thematic cartography. Who produces cartography in Italy, The scales used, the parts that make up a table, how to read a map. The quality of a technical cartography: metric aspects (graphic error) and detail of the information content. How cartography describes the third dimension: elevation points and contour lines.
Photogrammetry
• the geometrical principles of photogrammetric capture and restitution; the concepts of frame, swipe and block; the configuration of a block: covers, flight height, focal length; application of these concepts to the planning of a block acquired with UAVs
• introduction to collinearity equations; the calculation of the external orientation for a stereoscopic pair and for a block of frames; photogrammetric measurement and restitution phase;
• What can be produced with Photogrammetry: single measurements, vector maps, digital terrain models, orthophotos, point clouds.
Use of specialized SW
Students are taught the use of the MicroSurvey STARNET SW and - for some functions - of MicroSurvey CAD; these are SW for the calculation and compensation of topographic and GNSS measurements and for the execution of coordinate transformations. The programs mentioned are commercial but the teacher distributes an educational license to each student
Course Language
Italian
Degrees
Degrees
DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR CONSTRUCTIONS, ENVIRONMENT AND TERRITORY
Bachelor’s Degree
3 years
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People
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