500162 - HISTOLOGY

Basic histological techniques. Size of cells and tissues; concept of resolution limit (LR): LR of the human eye, of the light microscope (ML) and of the electron microscope (ME). Preparation of a stable preparation, with particular reference to the importance of correct fixation of cells and tissues. Staining with hematoxylin / eosin (concept of acidophilicity and basophilicity). Histochemistry (PAS) and immunohistochemistry. CYTOLOGY Notes on cell differentiation. Structure and functional significance of the plasma membrane (permeability, endocytosis and exocytosis, receptors). Structure of the nucleus, the nucleolus and the nuclear envelope. Structure and functional correlates of cytoplasmic organelles (smooth and granular endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi complex, lysosomes, mitochondria, cytoskeleton and centriole). functions. Coating epithelia: classification and examples of anatomical distribution. Cell junctions (desmosomes, tight junctions and occluding junctions), vibrating cilia, microvilli Glandular epithelia, origin, general structural characteristics of the exocrine and endocrine glands, with anatomical references. THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE (TC) Origin and general organization of tropho-connective tissues. CT proper: cell types, the extracellular matrix (fibers and fundamental substance); anatomical classification and distribution of the different types. Notes on white and brown adipose tissue. Cartilage tissue: cell types, the cartilage matrix; anatomical classification and distribution of cartilages. Perichondrium. Bone tissue: characteristics and distribution of compact and spongy bone; cell types, the bone matrix; bone remodeling. Bone lamella. Periosteum. Notes on ossification processes. Blood: plasma, figurative elements (ML and ME morphology and hints on their functional significance). Leukocyte formula. MUSCLE TISSUE (TM) Generalities and classification. Striated skeletal muscle tissue: structure of the muscles inserted into the skeleton. Skeletal striated muscle fiber: ML and ME morphology; origin and relationship with CT, sarcolemma and sarcoplasm. Red fibers and white fibers. The sarcomere, thick and thin myofilaments. The triad as the seat of the coupling between nerve impulse and muscle contraction. Smooth muscle tissue: anatomical organization and localization; the muscle fiber cell, ML and ME morphology. Multi-unit and visceral musculature; peristaltic movements. Cardiac striated muscle tissue: appearance of cardiac striated muscle cells in ML and ME; scalariform traits. NERVOUS TISSUE The neuron: morphological, structural and ultrastructural characteristics; histophysiological notes on the characteristic functions (excitability and conductivity). Morphological basis of nerve impulse transmission, nerve and neuromuscular synapses. Histological and functional classification of neurons with anatomical references. Nerve fiber and nerve. Glial cells.