501346 - Pharmacokinetics (A-L)

Introduction to pharmacokinetics: absorption, distribution and elimination (metabolism and excretion). Phases of the action of a drug. Systemic drug absorption. Movement of drugs through cellular barriers: mechanisms, factors influencing absorption. Drug administration routes. Modified Release Forms. Clinical pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, kinetic homogeneity, models. Exponents and logarithms. Meaning of differential calculus, differential equations, integral calculus. AUC determination by trapezoidal rule. Orders of kinetic: zero- and first-order kinetics, Michaelis-Menten kinetic. Pharmacokinetics models: one-compartment and multiple compartments models. Non compartment model. Concentration-vs-time curves, linear plots, semi-log plots. i.v. (bolus) single dose administration. Pharmacokinetic parameters associated with models and their calculation: C0, volume of distribution, clearance, elimination rate constant, half-life. Distribution: definitions, factors affecting drug distribution (characteristics of drug, characteristics of barrier to be crossed, regional blood flow, drug plasma and tissue protein binding, physiological factors and disease states. Blood-brain barrier and placenta transfer of drugs. Clearance: total plasma or blood clearance, organ clearance, extraction ratio. Hepatic clearance, low and high hepatic extraction ratio drugs, renal clearance. Absolute and relative bioavailability. Route and frequency of administration: i.v. continuous constant rate infusion with and without reaching steady state; extra vascular administration and related parameters, single and multiple doses. Generic drugs, biotechnological and biosimilar drugs. Pharmacokinetic interactions.