HRS/EHRA Expert Consensus on the Monitoring of Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Devices (CIED): Description of Techniques, Indications, Personnel, Frequency and Ethical Considerations.

Cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) have expanded in number and complexity since their introduction in 1958 and now include cardiac pacemakers, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD), implantable cardiovascular monitors and implantable loop recorders. Distinctions are not always complete; bradycardia support, ventricular tachyarrhythmia therapy, biventricular stimulation, arrhythmia monitoring, and heart failure data are often combined into a single device. Many aspects of CIED monitoring are discussed in this document, including, monitoring technology; indications, frequency and content of device follow-up; data management; personnel roles and responsibilities; CIED management in dying patients; and reimbursement issues. However, beyond listing the required elements, it is beyond the scope of this document to describe the technical details used during each type of CIED follow-up visit.