A chemometric assessment and profiling of the essential oils from Hibiscus sabdariffa L. from Kurdistan, Iraq

Hibiscus sabdariffaL. is a tropical plant belonging to the Malvaceae family. In Kurdistan, the Autonomous Region of Iraq, water infusion ofH. sabdariffacalyces is recommended for the treatment of hypotension and the common cold. Three distillation techniques: hydrodistillation (HD), steam distillation (SD), and solvent-free microwave-assisted extraction (SFME) have been compared to obtain the essential oils from calyces. The composition of the extracts was investigated by GC-FID and GC-MS. A total of 62 compounds have been identified, from which 55 components were found in HD distillates (95.75%), 37 components in SFME (96.06%), and 29 in SD (99.63%). Chemometric tools were applied to optimise and evidence the relation between distillation techniques and composition of the obtained essential oils as an investigation for the essential oils commercialisation approach ofHibiscus sabdariffaL. that have been done from a long time using conventional hydrodistillation in the local Herbal and Tea markets in Kurdistan.