Determinants of outcomes of transmural EUS-guided gallbladder drainage: systematic review with proportion meta-analysis and meta-regression

Background and aims: Transmural EUS-guided gallbladder drainage (EUS-GBD) has been increasingly used in the treatment of gallbladder diseases. Aims of the study were to provide a comprehensive meta-analysis and meta-regression of features and outcomes of this procedure. Methods: MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of science, and Cochrane databases were searched for literature pertinent to transmural EUS-GBD up to May 2021. Random-effect meta-analysis of proportions and meta-regression of potential modifiers of outcome measures considered were applied. Outcome measures were technical success rate, overall clinical success, and procedure-related adverse events (AEs). Results: Twenty-seven articles were identified including 1004 patients enrolled between February 2009 and February 2020. Acute cholecystitis was present in 98.7% of cases. Pooled technical success was 98.0% (95% CI 96.3, 99.3; heterogeneity: 23.6%), the overall clinical success was 95.4% (95% CI 92.8, 97.5; heterogeneity: 35.3%), and procedure-related AEs occurred in 14.8% (95% CI 8.8, 21.8; heterogeneity: 82.4%), being stent malfunction/dislodgement the most frequent (3.5%). Procedural-related mortality was 1‰. Meta-regression showed that center experience proxied to > 10 cases/year increased the technical success rate (odds ratio [OR]: 2.84; 95% CI 1.06, 7.59) and the overall clinical success (OR: 3.52; 95% CI 1.33, 9.33). The use of anti-migrating devices also increased the overall clinical success (OR: 2.16; 95% CI 1.07, 4.36) while reducing procedure-related AEs (OR: 0.36; 95% CI 0.14, 0.98). Conclusion: Physicians’ experience and anti-migrating devices are the main determinants of main clinical outcomes after EUS-GBD, suggesting that treatment in expert centers would optimize results.