510317 - RHEOLOGY AND DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES: THEORY AND PRACTICE

insegnamento

ID:

510317

Durata (ore):

60

CFU:

SSD:

FISICA APPLICATA (A BENI CULTURALI, AMBIENTALI, BIOLOGIA E MEDICINA)

Anno:

2024

Periodo di attività

Primo Semestre (23/09/2024 - 10/01/2025)

Obiettivi Formativi

The aim of the course is to introduce the student to the world of the largely diffused diagnostic and biomedical instrumentations through lectures which treat, from a theoretical point of view the physical principles which underlie of the principles of operation of the instrumentation and followed by laboratories where, in practice, the principles of operation of the instrumentation and the procedure of data acquisition are explained. During laboratories the students will work by themselves with the instrumentation.
At the end of the course the student will have a deep knowledge of the physical principles underlying the principles of operation and the principles of operation themselves of the instrumentation presented and the skill to work with the instrumentation almost autonomously.

Prerequisiti

Knowledge of the concepts learned on the courses of the first three year of University (scientific faculty): in particular statics and dynamics of real and ideal fluids, mechanics, electromagnetism, fundamental concept of quantum mechanics and structure of matter. The aspects illustrated and learned on the “Diagnostic Techniques” courses are also suggested.

Metodi didattici

The course is based on an alternation of front side lectures, during which the main theoretical concepts regarding the techniques presented will be explained, and laboratory activities, during which these concepts will be put into practice. Furher laboratories are planned, in order to make the student almost autonomous in working with the instrumentation and in acquiring data.

Verifica Apprendimento

Oral Examination

Two written reports on the NMR and viscosity measurements laboratory activities, sent to the professor before the examination (1 week before).
Laboratory practical test related to one of the techniques used during the class and related to the program of the class itself.
Oral test to evaluate the knowledge of topics tought during the class, included those of the reports presented.

Testi

1. R. W. Brown, Y.-C. N. Cheng, E. M. Haacke, M. R. Thompson, R. Venkatesan, “Magnetic Resonance Imaging - Physical Principles and Sequence Design” (2nd Edition, Wiley-Blackwell, 2014)
2. C. Kittel, “Introduction to Solid State Physics” (5th Edition), John Wiley & Sons (1976)
3. V. K. Varadan, J. Xie, “Nanomedicine: Design and Applications of Magnetic Nanomaterials, Nanosensors and Nanosystems” (John Wiley & Sons, UK, 2008)
4. G. Schramm, “A practical Approach to Rheology and Rheometry” (Gebrueder GmbH, 2000)
5. P. J. Allisy – Roberts, J. Williams, “Farr’s Physics for Medical Imaging” (Saunders Elsevier, 2nd Edition, 2008)
6. M. Hussey, “Basic Physics and Technology of Medical Diagnostic Ultrasound” (Macmillan Publishers Ltd. UK, 1985)
7. F. W. Kremkau, “Sonography. Principles and Instruments” (Elsevier, 9th Edition, 2016)
8. R. S. Khandpur – “Biomedical Instrumentation Technology and Applications” (McGraw-Hill , 2nd Edition, 2003)

Contenuti

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)

What is NMR?
Properties
Basic Physical Properties: a) Semiclassical approach; b) Quantum approach; c) Bloch equations
Nuclear relaxation times and pulse sequences
Signals and NMR spectra: Fourier Transform and sampling of periodic signals
NMR instrumentation: a) spectrometer b) probe and its optimization

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Basic Principles of MRI: from NMR to MRI
MR Images: magnetic field gradient and Spatial Localization Principle
Images and MRI contrast
MRI signal and effective spin density
Frequency encoding and FT
1D Imaging Equation and FT
K-space coverage and diagrams
2D Imaging sequences: a) gradient-echo; b) spin-echo
MRI sequences: a) inversion recovery; b) turbo spin-echo e spin-echo multislice
MRI techniques: a) fMRI; b) MRI tractography; c) MRI angiography; d) high-field MRI
MRI and Contrast Agents

Rheology

Hydrodynamics: ideal liquids, real liquids and their properties
Real Fluids: Newtonian fluids and non-Newtonian fluids
Viscosity and apparent viscosity
Thixotropic Fluids and Rheopexic Fluids
Rheological Properties of Blood
Blood Viscosity and Casson Model
Blood Viscosity and hematocrit
Blood Dynamics in Capillaries
Viscosity Measurements: a) viscometers b) general blood viscosity and capillary blood viscosity

Medical Ultrasounds Imaging

Basic Principles of Ultrasound Acoustics
Piezoelectric effect, ultrasounds generation and ultrasound images
Representation of the structures: A-MODE, B-MODE, M-MODE
Spatial resolution and Ultrasounds: axial and lateral resolution
Ultrasound attenuation and Time Gain Compensation
Ultrasounds Instrumentation: a) circuit for the generation of pulses; b) transducer; c) apparatus for the formation of the ultrasounds
Doppler Velocimetry: measure of the blood flow
Ultrasounds Lithotripsy, Intravascular Ultrasounds (IVUS)
Ultrasounds Artifacts