500162 - HISTOLOGY

Introduction on basic histological techniques in order to be able to interpret the images proposed during the course. Size of cells and tissues; concept of resolving power (resolution): resolution of the human eye, of the light microscope (ML) and of the electron microscope (ME). Preparation of histological sections, emphasizing the importance of proper cell and tissue fixation . Staining with hematoxylin / eosin (concept of acidophilia and basophilia). CYTOLOGY Notes on cell differentiation. Structure and functional significance of the plasma membrane (permeability, endocytosis and exocytosis, receptors). Structure of the nucleus, the nucleolus and the nuclear envelope. Structure and functional correlates of cytoplasmic organelles (smooth and granular endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi complex, lysosomes, mitochondria, cytoskeleton and centriole) HISTOLOGY: EPITHELIAL TISSUE (ET) Characteristics of TE, its relationship with connective T, classification according to the different functions. Coating epithelia: classification and examples of anatomical distribution. Cell junctions (desmosomes, tight junctions and occluding junctions), vibrating cilia, microvilli Glandular epithelia, origin, general structural characteristics of the exocrine and endocrine glands, with anatomical references. CONNECTIVE TISSUE (CT) Origin and general organization of tropho-connective tissues. CT loose and dense: cell types, the extracellular matrix (fibers and fundamental substance); anatomical classification and distribution of the different connective types. Notes on white and brown adipose tissue. Cartilage tissue: cell types and matrix; anatomical classification and distribution of cartilages. Perichondrium. Bone tissue: characteristics and distribution of compact and spongy bone; cell types, the bone matrix; bone reworking. Bone lamella. Notes on ossification processes. Blood: plasma, cells type (ML and ME morphology and hints on their functional significance). Leukocyte formula. MUSCLE TISSUE (TM) Generalities and classification. Striated skeletal muscle tissue: structure of the muscles inserted into the skeleton. Skeletal striated muscle fiber: ML and ME morphology; origin and relationship with CT, sarcolemma and sarcoplasm. Red fibers and white fibers. The sarcomere, thick and thin myofilaments. The triad as the seat of the coupling between nerve impulse and muscle contraction. Smooth muscle tissue: anatomical organization and localization; the muscle fiber cell, ML and ME morphology. Single-unit and visceral musculature; peristaltic movements. Cardiac striated muscle tissue: appearance of cardiac striated muscle cells in ML and ME; scalariform traits. NERVOUS TISSUE The neuron: morphological, structural and ultrastructural characteristics; histophysiological notes on the characteristic functions (excitability and conductivity). Morphological basis of nerve impulse transmission, nerve and neuromuscular synapses. Histological and functional classification of neurons with anatomical references. Nerve fiber and nerve. Glial cells.